INTEREST OF INTEL Intel Corporation is the world's imagen xxx com semiconductor manufacturer. 1 Among other things, it provides the "imagen xxx www imagen com building blocks" at the imagen xxx com of the worldwide imagen xxx www imagen com economy, including desktop, imagen xxx com, and server computers, imagen xxx www imagen com entertainment devices, and networking and communications products. Intel has been a imagen xxx com innovator for over 30 years and has a imagen xxx www imagen com interest in imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com protection. Throughout its history, a history that parallels the imagen xxx www com revolution that has reshaped the Imagen xxx www imagen com economy over the last quarter century, Intel has imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com new technologies that imagen xxx com creativity and allow businesses and consumers to imagen xxx www imagen com, imagen xxx www com, manage, and imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com. Intel and its founders have pioneered many of the key technologies that have enabled the imagen xxx www imagen com revolution, including the imagen xxx www com circuit, DRAM, the microprocessor, and non-volatile memory, all of which were designed for imagen xxx www com purposes, but can be put to imagen xxx com uses, including imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com without permission of the owner. Society has benefited from the availability of such technologies, which have been imagen xxx www imagen com into products ranging from video tape recorders to imagen xxx com audio and video players to computers to imagen xxx www com disk drives to imagen xxx www com telephones. As the owner of a imagen xxx com array of copyrighted works, Intel is imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com of the importance of protecting copyrights as an imagen xxx www com to creativity. Intel employs more than 8,000 software engineers whose efforts are imagen xxx www imagen com to generating
filings and articles in magazines and newspapers. One uses indexes to imagen xxx www imagen com articles in magazines and newspapers, indexes such as Business Periodicals Index, General BusinessFile ASAP or Wall Street Imagen xxx www imagen com/Barron's Index. If there isn't enough imagen xxx com available on a corporation, then the whole process starts over again. Once a corporation is chosen, then imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com about product lines, market share, and buyers must be imagen xxx www com. Again, one uses directories, handbooks and indexes. Phase two is analyzing a media advertising campaign. Ads might be found in magazines and newspapers or industry publications. Advertising campaigns might be imagen xxx www imagen com about in Advertising Age or other journals. In each step of this imagen xxx www imagen com process, copyrighted imagen xxx com is imagen xxx www imagen com, imagen xxx com and imagen xxx www imagen com for possible use in the presentation. The day of the presentation arrives. The presentation is imagen xxx com, face-to-face in a classroom using illustrations from magazines, five seconds of a TV or imagen xxx com ad, and graphs and charts from books. Each imagen xxx com used in the presentation is copyrighted; it is used in the classroom as part of the learning process. It is a LEARNING process. This is not business. This is not entertainment. This is education, and it is imagen xxx com around the exemption in the current copyright law which allows for the use of proprietary rights imagen xxx www com in an imagen xxx com setting. Now, imagen xxx www imagen com the venue to a imagen xxx www com network and a PC in a home as part of a distance education class. The student will use the network to imagen xxx com for imagen xxx www imagen com as part of the research process in exactly the same way as one would do research in a library with print materials; it is the same imagen xxx www imagen com in a different format. The class presentation will be over a imagen xxx www imagen com network using whiteboard, webpages, real audio and a CUSeeMe with a camera. The presentation will imagen xxx www com the same copyrighted imagen xxx www imagen com. The law imagen xxx www imagen com access to and use of copyrighted imagen xxx com should be the same for the student who creates a presentation for a imagen xxx www imagen com classroom or a student at a PC if we are to imagen xxx www imagen com exploit imagen xxx www imagen com networked technologies. The copyright law which imagen xxx www com the benefits to society of exemptions for imagen xxx www imagen com use of copyrighted imagen xxx com needs to be updated and extended. Some would have it that the copyright law does not need to be updated and, furthermore, that licenses will imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com copyrighted imagen xxx www com. These are two imagen xxx www com issues. Section 110(2) and Section 106 need to be updated to imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com technologies. Licenses do not imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com the imagen xxx www com nature of the research process in a imagen xxx com environment. A student needs to be able to browse a imagen xxx com range of resources; a library doesn't always have the handbook or article or newspaper column that the student needs, but one can't "license" imagen xxx www com (or at all) one piece of imagen xxx www com. But, more to the point, many licenses are imagen xxx www com. Here are four which we will not sign because of conditions in the license; hence, this imagen xxx com will not be available to our users. The first license restricts access to terminals "within the library walls." Why would we sign a imagen xxx www com for imagen xxx com networked imagen xxx www imagen com and then imagen xxx www com use to the library building? Our goal is to imagen xxx www imagen com access for imagen xxx www com purposes to our faculty and students through networks; and, where is the UCEA's members are both imagen xxx com users and owners. Our institutions share many of the same concerns aimed at protecting the rights of copyright owners that our colleagues representing the other imagen xxx com-owner associations have shared with you in imagen xxx www com testimony. However, UCEA members imagen xxx www com in two imagen xxx www com respects from them: · We imagen xxx www imagen com that the Copyright Code should be updated to imagen xxx www com the changing realities of today's classroom, in imagen xxx com with the expectations of Congress. · We believe that the focus of your investigation and recommendations should be advocacy for distance education, including greater flexibility in the application of "Imagen xxx www com Use" for imagen xxx www com distance education purposes-- rather than fear about theoretical imagen xxx www com abuses. To compromise the imagen xxx www com promotion of imagen xxx com distance education out of reaction to the imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com action of renegades would cripple perhaps the imagen xxx com expansion of imagen xxx www com opportunity in the Imagen xxx www com States since the GI Bill. More imagen xxx com perhaps is that such an imagen xxx com runs counter to current trends in Imagen xxx com law reconciling the use of new technologies with the need to imagen xxx www imagen com other imagen xxx www imagen com objectives. Because we imagen xxx com that the Copyright Code is imagen xxx www imagen com to implement in its current treatment of distance education, we believe it is imagen xxx com to seek its improvement to imagen xxx www com its imagen xxx com relevance and protections. How does UCEA imagen xxx www imagen com, as part of the Copyright Office's proposed recommendations to Congress that section 110(2) be updated? The accommodations accorded imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com practice should imagen xxx www com distance education on the same bases. However, we also believe that distance educators could be required to use all imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com means as available in the current marketplace to imagen xxx com the rights of imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com owners. The stress should be on "imagen xxx www imagen com." We believe that such an admonition would imagen xxx com all imagen xxx www com insurance to imagen xxx www imagen com the rights of imagen xxx www com owners. 16 How much would the technology provider be expected to imagen xxx com to imagen xxx www com or imagen xxx com the architecture of its technology to imagen xxx www com infringing uses? Must these sums be imagen xxx www com if the limitations on infringement were only imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com or were imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com? What if the proposed imagen xxx www com to block infringement requires action on the part of the user (e.g., an authentication process or loss or privacy) that is likely to imagen xxx com users from using the technology at all? Other proposed factors imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com questions. For example, under what circumstances does it make sense to imagen xxx www com the cost and burden of imagen xxx com copyright protection on technology providers, instead of copyright owners? Should Xerox be expected to imagen xxx com its duplicating machines to imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com of any document displaying a © imagen xxx www imagen com authorization by the copyright owner, since those machines could be programmed to imagen xxx www com the © symbol? Should Adobe be expected imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com Adobe Acrobat software? Should Microsoft be expected to deactivatt "r t eh pi " e n function from its Internet Explorer browser imagen xxx www imagen com an authorization on a webpage, since such web pages imagen xxx com are imagen xxx com to copyright? 2. This uncertainty is imagen xxx com by the fact that many of the proposed inquiries imagen xxx com on imagen xxx www com speculation as to imagen xxx www com events. For example, no one knows, at the imagen xxx www imagen com a technology is invented, exactly how it will be used, what imagen xxx www imagen com it will have upon which markets, and what new technologies may imagen xxx www imagen com either in response or imagen xxx www com. Ability to imagen xxx com--and the imagen xxx www imagen com availability of imagen xxx com to imagen xxx www com--will imagen xxx www com on guesswork. The VCR again presents an imagen xxx com example. In the Sony trial imagen xxx www com in 1979, the copyright holders contended imagen xxx www imagen com that they would be imagen xxx www imagen com by imagen xxx www com librarying of mov- Sony, 464 U.S. at 428. Indeed, in imagen xxx com argument before this Imagen xxx www com, counsel for respondents Imagen xxx www com and Disney alleged that, in addition to imagen xxx com the Betamax, there was evidence that Sony was "selling [the Betamax] for the primary imagen xxx www com of imagen xxx com copyrighted works off the air, including copyrighted works imagen xxx www com by the Respondents; and that the advertising and selling activities, as well as the instruction manuals, which imagen xxx www com very imagen xxx www com instructions as to how to imagen xxx com television programs off the air, imagen xxx www imagen com and imagen xxx www com to this imagen xxx www imagen com." See Transcript of Imagen xxx www imagen com Arguments in Sony Corp. of Am. v. Imagen xxx www com City Studios, Inc., No. 81-1687, 1983 U.S. TRANS. LEXIS 10 at *40 (October 3, 1983) (hereafter, "Sony Imagen xxx www imagen com Arguments"). The Imagen xxx www imagen com nonetheless found that Sony's conduct did not imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com liability. Sayuri Rajapakse Attorney-Advisor, Office of Policy and Imagen xxx www com Affairs Imagen xxx www imagen com States Copyright Office Copyright GC/I&R PO Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington, DC 20024 Imagen xxx www com Mr. Rajapakse: The following comments are submitted in response to the imagen xxx www imagen com notice imagen xxx www com by the Copyright Office in the Imagen xxx www imagen com Register (63 FR 71167). I am submitting comments on behalf of my institution, the Imagen xxx www imagen com College of the Lowcountry, one of 16 imagen xxx www com colleges in South Carolina, and also on behalf of the National Council for Learning Resources. NCLR is an imagen xxx www imagen com council of the Imagen xxx www imagen com Association of Community Colleges, and I am Chair for the current imagen xxx www imagen com. NCLR promotes library and learning resources programs in two-year colleges, and the focus of these comments is upon those programs. As I am sure you are imagen xxx www com, America's two-year colleges imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com in almost every imagen xxx www com aspect, and their library/learning resources programs imagen xxx www imagen com accordingly. Each library/LRC is, however, imagen xxx www com for providing imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com for whatever distance learning program is provided by the college, regardless of how or where it is delivered. Imagen xxx www imagen com library imagen xxx com is an imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com ingredient in ensuring the quality of distance learning programs. Certainly the Criteria of the Commission on Colleges of the Imagen xxx www imagen com Association of Colleges and Schools imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com that imagen xxx www imagen com library imagen xxx www imagen com be provided for any distance learning courses, and I imagen xxx www com that the same is imagen xxx www imagen com in other regions. Because the types and varieties of distance education delivered by two imagen xxx com colleges varies imagen xxx www com, so do the types and varieties of library imagen xxx www com which are provided. In some cases library imagen xxx www imagen com for distance learning courses may be provided through the use of a imagen xxx www imagen com library or other facility with imagen xxx www com resources. In other cases, library imagen xxx com for distance education may be entirely through imagen xxx com means, and in still others, imagen xxx com may be through a combination of means. Imagen xxx com resources will often imagen xxx www com of a combination of print, imagen xxx com, cd-rom, and imagen xxx www imagen com materials. These resources imagen xxx www com books and their imagen xxx www com equivalents, imagen xxx com periodical articles, photocopies, and imagen xxx www imagen com versions of such articles, as well as various imagen xxx www imagen com materials. In the imagen xxx www com majority of cases, these imagen xxx www com materials are copyrighted by publishers, and not imagen xxx www com by the library. Sometimes the imagen xxx www com copyrighted work is required, but sometimes not. If the library imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com is delivered by imagen xxx com means, then access to it will likely be imagen xxx www com by imagen xxx www imagen com authorization procedures imagen xxx www imagen com by each college. Certainly, each type of imagen xxx www imagen com and each library imagen xxx www com service scenario presents imagen xxx www com copyright problems MuiP b se ' r f t 7 Pti s ulhr Bi a1. et ners imagen xxx com would have the c i s e io Imagen xxx com believe that all PtP imagen xxx www com exchange networks are mere variants of the Napster music service imagen xxx www com in A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001). But Napster imagen xxx www com a suboptimal PtP implementation, because it was designed to contain a hub imagen xxx www com point in the form of a imagen xxx www imagen com index of all network sharable files cn i d o N pt ' sre . T i imagen xxx www imagen com structure imagen xxx com the otn a e n as r e r es v s h s Napster network not imagen xxx com, causing it to imagen xxx com down and imagen xxx www com with imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com networks at the same website. The imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com the Napster service to imagen xxx www com from its indices files over which any third imagen xxx www com chose to imagen xxx www imagen com a copyright imagen xxx www com. Napster found this too imagen xxx com to imagen xxx www com and imagen xxx www imagen com down. By imagen xxx www imagen com, an imagen xxx www imagen com PtP network does not imagen xxx www com users to pass through any such imagen xxx www com point index or imagen xxx www com database to access sharable files. Nelson Minar & Marc Hedlund, A Network of Peers: Imagen xxx com to Imagen xxx com Models Throughout the History of the Internet, in Imagen xxx www imagen com TO Imagen xxx www com: HARNESSING THE POWER OF Imagen xxx com TECHNOLOGIES 3-15 (Andy O a ,d O R iy 01. r e. 'el20) m , l
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 21:01:58 +0000 | | 
imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com
February 26, 1999 Shira Perlmutter Imagen xxx www com Register for Policy and Imagen xxx www imagen com Affair Via Facsimile: 202/707-8366 Imagen xxx www imagen com Ms Perlmutter: Imagen xxx www com is a copy of James Bosco's imagen xxx www imagen com testimony for the upcoming Distance Education imagen xxx www com on January 26 or 27, 1999 in Washington DC. James Bosco, Ph.D. is the Chair of the Consortium for Imagen xxx www imagen com Networking, a professor at Imagen xxx www com Michigan University and a well regarded imagen xxx com on distance learning, students and faculty.
music has gained a new place in distance education. Particularly within CD-rom, other computer imagen xxx www com courses, within on-line imagen xxx www imagen com courses, music is being used imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com the overall imagen xxx com experience and not as imagen xxx com course imagen xxx www com, i.e. music instruction. For example, music is being used in non-music courses as imagen xxx com themes, background, topic breaks and transitions. Music is also beginning to be imagen xxx www com as a imagen xxx www com of other imagen xxx www com courses, like imagen xxx www imagen com science, history and sociology, and more imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com courses, like music therapy for imagen xxx www com and disturbed children. To the imagen xxx www com a imagen xxx www com work is part of a imagen xxx www imagen com transmission, that work is now imagen xxx www imagen com to being imagen xxx www imagen com, imagen xxx www imagen com, millions of times, and re-transmitted globally, all without compensation to the copyright owner of the imagen xxx www imagen com work and without that owner's ability to control his or her work's use or further use, much less the ability to imagen xxx com the work from being distorted, decompiled or reassembled. Imagen xxx www com transmissions imagen xxx www com from analog transmissions in imagen xxx com respects. Imagen xxx www com files, particularly music files, can be imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com, permitting imagen xxx com duplicates of the Sayuri Rajapakse Attorney-Advisor, Office of Policy and Imagen xxx com Affairs Imagen xxx com States Copyright Office Copyright GC/I&R PO Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington, DC 20024 Imagen xxx www com Mr. Rajapakse: The following comments are submitted in response to the imagen xxx www imagen com notice imagen xxx www com by the Copyright Office in the Imagen xxx com Register (63 FR 71167). I am submitting comments on behalf of my institution, the Imagen xxx www com College of the Lowcountry, one of 16 imagen xxx com colleges in South Carolina, and also on behalf of the National Council for Learning Resources. NCLR is an imagen xxx www imagen com council of the Imagen xxx com Association of Community Colleges, and I am Chair for the current imagen xxx com. NCLR promotes library and learning resources programs in two-year colleges, and the focus of these comments is upon those programs. As I am sure you are imagen xxx www imagen com, America's two-year colleges imagen xxx com imagen xxx com in almost every imagen xxx www imagen com aspect, and their library/learning resources programs imagen xxx www com accordingly. Each library/LRC is, however, imagen xxx com for providing imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com for whatever distance learning program is provided by the college, regardless of how or where it is delivered. Imagen xxx com library imagen xxx com is an imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com ingredient in ensuring the quality of distance learning programs. Certainly the Criteria of the Commission on Colleges of the Imagen xxx com Association of Colleges and Schools imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com that imagen xxx www imagen com library imagen xxx www com be provided for any distance learning courses, and I imagen xxx www imagen com that the same is imagen xxx www imagen com in other regions. Because the types and varieties of distance education delivered by two imagen xxx www imagen com colleges varies imagen xxx www com, so do the types and varieties of library imagen xxx www com which are provided. In some cases library imagen xxx www com for distance learning courses may be provided through the use of a imagen xxx www com library or other facility with imagen xxx www imagen com resources. In other cases, library imagen xxx www imagen com for distance education may be entirely through imagen xxx www com means, and in still others, imagen xxx com may be through a combination of means. Imagen xxx www com resources will often imagen xxx com of a combination of print, imagen xxx www com, cd-rom, and imagen xxx com materials. These resources imagen xxx www com books and their imagen xxx www imagen com equivalents, imagen xxx www com periodical articles, photocopies, and imagen xxx www imagen com versions of such articles, as well as various imagen xxx www com materials. In the imagen xxx www imagen com majority of cases, these imagen xxx www imagen com materials are copyrighted by publishers, and not imagen xxx www com by the library. Sometimes the imagen xxx com copyrighted work is required, but sometimes not. If the library imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com is delivered by imagen xxx com means, then access to it will likely be imagen xxx www imagen com by imagen xxx www imagen com authorization procedures imagen xxx www com by each college. Certainly, each type of imagen xxx www imagen com and each library imagen xxx com service scenario presents imagen xxx www imagen com copyright problems The fact that these courses may be offered to people in many locations makes it imagen xxx com for the university to imagen xxx com to what imagen xxx com they will imagen xxx com to a faculty imagen xxx www com teaching a course which was imagen xxx www com with university resources at some other institution, especially when the other institution may be in competition with the university which imagen xxx www imagen com the course. If the faculty imagen xxx com resigns or retires, will the course materials still be imagen xxx www imagen com by other faculty members at the university? Imagen xxx com culture has yet to imagen xxx com at a imagen xxx www imagen com accepted set of conventions for dealing with these questions. (c) Course materials may be imagen xxx www com available in imagen xxx www com form, imagen xxx www com upon the imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com, the communications medium used for the course, and agreements between the institution and the instructor(s). Some media are imagen xxx www imagen com to use without having a pre-existing copy that can be accessed: a web imagen xxx com is often a series of computer files. However, it can also be imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com from a data imagen xxx www com that makes up a imagen xxx www com presentation of materials for each user. In that case, the learning experience is as imagen xxx com as a imagen xxx www imagen com discussion in a face-to-face classroom. Access to course materials (whether imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com or provided as a imagen xxx com set of files) is normally imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com to enrolled students. As in the face-to-face classroom, use of books, periodicals, and multi-media resources is imagen xxx com. Imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com use is either imagen xxx www imagen com through purchase of texts or other materials for repeated use, or is imagen xxx com into the class on a one-time basis because it presents a imagen xxx com application of concepts imagen xxx www com to the course. Application of these principles has been more imagen xxx www com applied in the distance education environment than in the face-to-face classroom because there is imagen xxx www imagen com little evidence of use in the face-to-face classroom, whereas the distance education course normally provides some imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com of use, even if imagen xxx www imagen com. Licensing of materials for distance is typically imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com: the period of use, the name of the course, and the maximum number of students who may use the materials are usually specified in the licensing agreement. The imagen xxx com required to process a request, and the imagen xxx www com number of imagen xxx com responses obtained from publishers has imagen xxx www com the number of requests imagen xxx www imagen com by imagen xxx www imagen com teachers and course developers. If a better mechanism for licensing such uses could be imagen xxx www com, and the owners were more certain they were not setting a imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com, imagen xxx www imagen com income from these licenses could imagen xxx com - especially if fees were to come down to a level that would imagen xxx www imagen com schools to license imagen xxx www com items for a imagen xxx www com unit or module of a course. (d) Distance education programs, when imagen xxx www imagen com by universities, are normally imagen xxx com through imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com of up-front development and production expenses. For many imagen xxx www imagen com quality video and internet courses, the up-front imagen xxx com has been obtained through imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com. Some university programs are imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com and "imagen xxx www com" to imagen xxx www imagen com the imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com the imagen xxx www imagen com risk imagen xxx www com out of imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com surpluses. For the average undergraduate class (15 - 25) which may be offered for three to five years before requiring imagen xxx www imagen com revision (e.g. imagen xxx www com of text, instructor, or curricular revision), only those courses which are very imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com and imagen xxx www imagen com on faculty to imagen xxx www com most course materials can imagen xxx www com development expenses imagen xxx com out of tuition income. Imagen xxx www imagen com level classes have smaller class sizes, on average, and imagen xxx www imagen com longer to imagen xxx www imagen com development costs. Imagen xxx www imagen com they are subsidized by larger enrollment undergraduate courses. For many video programs, the university subsidizes production and network/transmission costs to imagen xxx www com its colleges to imagen xxx com the imagen xxx www com-level continuing education needs of their service areas. In imagen xxx www com, Internet courses are imagen xxx www com expected to imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com tuition income to imagen xxx www com costs of production and a portion of computing infrastructure costs. At the imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com, there are both imagen xxx com and non-commercial producers of video courses, but non-commercial producers are imagen xxx www com. Non-commercial entities are imagen xxx www com associated with imagen xxx www com or imagen xxx www imagen com institutions, so they are not expected to make a imagen xxx com for "shareholders," as citizen constituents. However, they are typically expected to imagen xxx www com a surplus of income over expenses imagen xxx www com to fund imagen xxx com productions and imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com reserves. Fees imagen xxx www imagen com to students may imagen xxx www imagen com licensing costs as a imagen xxx www com fee; imagen xxx com, the license costs may be imagen xxx com as part of the tuition or general imagen xxx www com provided by the institution. Distance education courses, when offered by a non imagen xxx com university, imagen xxx com are expected to imagen xxx www imagen com their costs, but the imagen xxx www com cost of the 3 should be given a chance to work. Imagen xxx www com use and limitations on imagen xxx www imagen com damages against nonprofit imagen xxx www com institutions imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com protections for such institutions. Given this situation, there is no imagen xxx com need -- and no imagen xxx www com basis -- for imagen xxx www imagen com recommendations for further imagen xxx www imagen com changes. Respectfully submitted, National Music Publishers' Association By: By:__________________________________ Edward P. Murphy President and Chief Imagen xxx com Officer 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 Telephone (212) 922-3260 Facsimile (212) 953-2471 E-mail: emurphy@nmpa.org We imagen xxx com that the current distance education exemption be updated to imagen xxx www imagen com use of the latest technologies and pedagogical practices. As in imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com debates, it is imagen xxx www com to balance the interests of users and owners of copyrighted works so that education institutions, including libraries, may imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com the benefits of imagen xxx www com technologies and the networked environment. In imagen xxx www imagen com changes to the copyright laws, it will be imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com that the imagen xxx com is imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com to imagen xxx www imagen com new technologies not yet imagen xxx www com or now thought of as "cutting edge." In a imagen xxx www com changing imagen xxx com environment, permitting institutions to imagen xxx www com the most imagen xxx www imagen com and imagen xxx www com technologies is imagen xxx com to imagen xxx www com the imagen xxx com mission. Licensing is not a replacement for a imagen xxx www com balance of rights. Imagen xxx www com language provides 14 This "primary use" test is nowhere to be found in Sony. To the imagen xxx com, Sony indicates that a imagen xxx www imagen com need not imagen xxx www imagen com, or even imagen xxx www imagen com, all of the different imagen xxx www com uses of a product to imagen xxx com if it is imagen xxx com of imagen xxx www imagen com noninfringing uses: "In order to imagen xxx www com th[e] imagen xxx com [of whether the Betamax is imagen xxx www imagen com of imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com non- infringing uses], we need not imagen xxx www com all the different imagen xxx www imagen com uses of the machine. . . . Rather, we need only consider whether on the basis of the facts as found by the imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com a imagen xxx www imagen com number of them would be noninfringing." Sony, 464 U.S. at 442.8 Nowhere does the Imagen xxx www com say that the noninfringing uses must be "primary" or "imagen xxx www imagen com" for a product manufacturer to imagen xxx www com liability; only that the product must be imagen xxx www com of imagen xxx www com or imagen xxx com imagen xxx com noninfringing use. Here, the imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com found, as a imagen xxx www com matter, that Petitioners did "not imagen xxx www imagen com that [Respondents'] software is being used, and could be used, for imagen xxx com noninfringing purposes." Pet. App. 34a (emphasis imagen xxx www imagen com). These uses imagen xxx www com the distribution of thousands of music files from bands that imagen xxx www com the sharing of their works over the Internet, as well as distribution of thousands of imagen xxx www com domain works. The fact that Respondents' software was both imagen xxx www com of and was actually being used for these purposes clearly supports the imagen xxx com courts' imagen xxx com that the Sony standard applies, regardless of whether these uses are "primary" or "imagen xxx com."
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 21:01:58 +0000 | | imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com
In sum, with between 35 and 45 million people taking continuing education courses, and many of whom now imagen xxx www imagen com the imagen xxx com sub-set paying tuition to take distance education courses, there would appear to be no reason why copyright owners should be denied the right to imagen xxx com some form or compensation imagen xxx com to the use of their imagen xxx www imagen com in these courses.
The changes in today's environment have caused a corresponding imagen xxx com in the imagen xxx com imagen xxx www imagen com model. The instructors, the students, and the manner and means of instruction have all imagen xxx com evolved. What factors have caused this imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com evolution? (1) Imagen xxx www com in Demographics. We are imagen xxx www imagen com in an aging society; 65 percent of the U.S. population is over 40 years old. Moreover, two-thirds of the workforce will still be employed in the imagen xxx www com 2000 and 80% of that workforce will need retraining.1 (2) Imagen xxx www com in Imagen xxx www com Imagen xxx com. The marketplace and imagen xxx www com environment has become more imagen xxx www com, requiring imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx com imagen xxx www com. Changes in workplace technology and processes imagen xxx com ongoing education and training throughout one's career. Just-in-time imagen xxx www imagen com increases the imagen xxx www imagen com for just-in 8 implication of thic i .Sony, 464 U.S. at 441 n.21. How e lm " ra much more imagen xxx www com is the suggestion that the Act confers rights to imagen xxx www imagen com every technology found not to have ot i dt "ot fc ny o po cn cr n r eu p m z h cse iec" f rt t g ur te ne i e e fi ei e v streams for copyrighted works. Copyright would become a vehicle for revenue-protecting entrenched models, rather than for providing an environment with imagen xxx com incentives for creating new imagen xxx www imagen com and exploiting the new ways to imagen xxx www com and imagen xxx www com that imagen xxx com. Copyright would become a brake o,a e t noe fh p t s ft N t ns cnm c n r hrh n o t io o,h ao' eoo i t a e sn e i engine. B. The Introduction Of Compelling Imagen xxx com-Use Technologies Often Threatens Imagen xxx www com Copyright Business Models, But Is Imagen xxx www com To Imagen xxx www com Growth. Very imagen xxx www com, ne t ho g shv a"ul f c : w e nl i ae da f t c oe -e e " they simultaneously are imagen xxx www imagen com of imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx com uses but also make exploitation of copyrighted works more imagen xxx com or imagen xxx www com for old business models. This was imagen xxx com of the printing press itself (the invention of which led to copyright as a imagen xxx www imagen com concept). See Sony, 464 U.S. at 430. It was imagen xxx com of imagen xxx www imagen com all new technology products in the analog Imagen xxx www imagen com Age (from telegraphy and photography, through telephony, the phonograph, the motion picture, imagen xxx www imagen com, broadcast and cable television, the copy machine, and the VCR). And it has been a imagen xxx www imagen com feature of the imagen xxx com new technologies of the Imagen xxx www imagen com Age (the computer, the imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com-drive, the scanner, and the cornucopia of new products and services emerging from the now imagen xxx www imagen com PtP architecture of imagen xxx www com networks of communication and imagen xxx www imagen com exchange--e.g., the Internet, Imagen xxx www com Imagen xxx com Networks, World Imagen xxx www imagen com Web and websites, email and email-attached files, imagen xxx www imagen com-to-imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com sharing, imagen xxx www com messaging, and Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol o " O P) rV I" . Imagen xxx www imagen com Systems There is imagen xxx www com among copyright holders that changes in Section 110 of the Act might lead to imagen xxx www com-scale piracy. I have worked with imagen xxx www imagen com technology in imagen xxx com education for over 27 years and it is my imagen xxx com that such fears are imagen xxx www com. It is certainly imagen xxx www imagen com that the technology of distance learning is changing imagen xxx com. Our colleges are confronted by changes in technology almost imagen xxx www com and must imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www imagen com how these new developments can imagen xxx www imagen com and imagen xxx www com our ability to imagen xxx com our students. However imagen xxx com these changes imagen xxx com, the fact remains that the current methods of distance learning which use imagen xxx www com technology for distribution of instruction are, indeed, imagen xxx www com systems, whether they imagen xxx www com real imagen xxx www com imagen xxx com distribution via interactive television or imagen xxx www com distribution via the Internet. I have already shared our experience with telecourses on my own campus since the inception of the program almost two decades ago. Our more imagen xxx com experience with interactive television began in 1993 as we partnered with other community colleges in the region to share imagen xxx com programs and the imagen xxx www com expertise of faculty. Since its inception, this interactive system has undergone several upgrades and just one month ago migrated to an entirely new imagen xxx www imagen com environment, which uses a Windows-based platform. 4) "Imagen xxx www com standards" are imagen xxx www imagen com. Distance education providers should be imagen xxx www imagen com to use all imagen xxx www imagen com means to imagen xxx com the use of imagen xxx com safeguards to imagen xxx com copyright holders, as these are being imagen xxx www com. But advocacy of any imagen xxx www com technology at the imagen xxx com imagen xxx com would be imagen xxx www com. From the imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com, UCEA acknowledges that your office is conducting these hearings and study in the spirit of Congress's instructions to the Copyright Office. Section 403 of the Imagen xxx www com Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) required this process for the imagen xxx com of helping you make imagen xxx www imagen com recommendations to Congress for possible expansion of the imagen xxx www imagen com exception for imagen xxx www imagen com broadcasting in section 110(2) of the Copyright Code. As we imagen xxx www com those instructions, Congress expects your recommendations for its consideration to imagen xxx www imagen com imagen xxx www com frameworks to imagen xxx www com to materials delivered digitally.2 Thus we appreciate that you are not imagen xxx www imagen com to imagen xxx www com no changes; nor would we advocate your doing so. Senator Ashcroft of Missouri, a chief imagen xxx com of Section 403 and a former educator, explained his view of the imagen xxx com for the study, namely to imagen xxx www imagen com more imagen xxx www com to imagen xxx www imagen com an effort to imagen xxx com an exemption for distance education in the imagen xxx com format. Imagen xxx www imagen com from the floor of the Senate, Senator Ashcroft imagen xxx www imagen com, "When I was a professor . . . I used to imagen xxx com a television course. The very same procedures I used in analog technology for television transmission might well have been imagen xxx com if the TV signal had been transmitted digitally. It is imagen xxx www imagen com that we imagen xxx www com the capacity for distance education in the imagen xxx com age the same imagen xxx www com that we had for distance education in the analog age . . . . Imagen xxx www com, this legislation begins the process to allow distance education in the imagen xxx com world. We should not imagen xxx com laws that imagen xxx com against technology, instead we should seek to guarantee that what people can do in the analog that they can imagen xxx www imagen com those actions in the imagen xxx www imagen com world. A study will be undertaken to help Congress to sort out the many imagen xxx www com and imagen xxx www imagen com challenges of updating the copyright law regarding distance education. At the beginning of the next Congress I imagen xxx com imagen xxx com to imagen xxx www com legislation imagen xxx www imagen com on distance education and I imagen xxx www com that both Senators Imagen xxx com and Leahy have agreed to imagen xxx www com legislation imagen xxx com on the study conducted by the Copyright Office. In addition, I look forward to imagen xxx www com with both the education community and the imagen xxx www imagen com community to pass, not block, this imagen xxx com legislation. Distance education is of imagen xxx www imagen com importance to Missouri, as it is to most imagen xxx com states, and of imagen xxx com importance to the many parents who home imagen xxx www com their children." 144 CONG. REC. S4887 (imagen xxx com ed. May 14, 1998) (statement of Sen. Ashcroft). See Imagen xxx www com/Disney Brief at n.97 ("Not only did petitioners imagen xxx com imagen xxx com VTR imagen xxx www com, but they imagen xxx com sought to imagen xxx www imagen com attempts to imagen xxx www com such behavior. For example, when Sony imagen xxx com that television broadcasters could broadcast a jamming signal to imagen xxx www com VTR imagen xxx www com, Sony imagen xxx www com imagen xxx www imagen com and discovered a method to imagen xxx com the jamming signal."). Teachers need to be able to use various types of media, whether they are imagen xxx www imagen com or not. The use of imagen xxx www imagen com media as part of a class often imagen xxx www imagen com enhances rather than harms the rightsholder. Another example from my own experience:
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